11重要的离子.ppt

Discussion Approach: Ions of Major Interest in Soil Chemistry, Grouped According to Major Behavior Modes. Major Exchangeable Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, Al3+( H+ ). Major Soluble Anions: NO3-,SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, CO32-. Weakly Soluble Anions: H2PO4-, HPO42-, H2AsO4-, H2BO3-, MoO42-. Transition Metals and Aluminum: Fe(OH)2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Al3+, AlOH2+. Toxic Ions: Cd2+, Al3+, Pb2+, Hg2+, AsO43-, CrO42-. Active in oxidation-Reduction Reactions: Major Exchangeable Cations Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, Al3+ (H+) ---- Occur predominantly as exchangeable cations in soils ---- These ions are relatively easily manipulated by liming, irrigation, or acidification. ---- Exchangeable Al3+ is characteristic of acid soils. ---- The exchangeable cations in productive agricultural soils are almost always present in the order Ca2+Mg2+K+ = Na+. Major Exchangeable Cations (續) Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, Al3+ (H+) ---- The NH4+ ion occasionally appears in low  concentration as a result of ammonium fertilization. ---- Na+ can predominate in drainage water from irrigated arid-region soils. It is a soil chemical concern when it  occurs in excess. When ESP is 5-15 %, water  movement into and through many soils is inhibited. Major Soluble Anions NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, HCO3-, CO32- ---- Present in considerably lower concentrations than the major cations in all but the most coarse-textured and  strongly saline soils, where they essentially equal. ---- Sulfate and NO3- are important nutrient sources for  plants. ---- Cl- and HCO3- salts accumulated in saline soils. ---- Carbonate ions are present in appreciable amounts  only in soils of pH 9. ---- The major soluble anions are retained weakly by most soils. Weakly Soluble Anions (≦10-5 M in most soil solutions) H2PO4-, HPO42-, H2AsO4-, AsO2, H3BO3, H2BO3-, Si(OH)4, MoO42- ---- Strongly retained by soils. ---- Borates are the most soluble of the group