细菌的基因表达.ppt

Gene expression of Bacteria;Contents ;Introduction;Types of life;Three kindom of organisms;Two types of bacteria;Bacterial shapes;Bacterial cell structure;Capsules;Flagella and Motility;Motility;Fimbriae and Sex pili;Gram-Positive Cell Walls;Gram-Negative Cell Walls;The Cytoplasmic Matrix;Gene expression and regulation;1. DNA, genes and chromosomes;◆a nitrogenous base: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) or thymine (T) ◆a five-carbon sugar molecule (deoxyribose in the case of DNA) ◆a phosphate molecule;Double helix of DNA molecule;Genetic codons;The enzyme helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together, and both strands can then act as templates for the production of the opposite strand. The process is catalysed by the enzyme DNA polymerase, and includes a proofreading mechanism.;Rolling-Circle Pattern of Replication.;2) Genes;The structural components of a gene ;A Bacterial Structural Gene.;Promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA . Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.;1: RNA Polymerase, 2: Repressor, 3: Promoter, 4: Operator, 5: Lactose, 6: lacZ, 7: lacY, 8: lacA.;●Core promoter - the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription ☆Includes the transcription start site (TSS) and elements directly upstream ☆A binding site for RNA polymerase RNA polymerase I: transcribes genes encoding ribosomal RNA RNA polymerase II: transcribes genes encoding messenger RNA and certain small nuclear RNAs and microRNA RNA polymerase III: transcribes genes encoding transfer RNAs and other small RNAs ☆General transcription factor binding sites, e.g. TATA box ●Proximal promoter - the proximal sequence upstream of the gene that tends to contain primary regulatory elements ☆Approximately 250 base pairs upstream of the start site ☆Specific transcription fa