细胞结构 Cell Structure.ppt

Cell Structure Chapter 5 Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. Cell Characteristics Genetic material single circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes double helix located in nucleus in eukaryotes – nuclear envelope (double membrane Cytoplasm fills cell interior – sugars, amino acids, proteins - organelles Plasma membrane encloses the cell – phospholipid bilayer Generalized Eukaryotic Cell Cell Size Most cells are relatively small because as size increases, volume increases much more rapidly. longer diffusion time Visualizing Cells Resolution - minimum distance two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two separate points Compound microscopes - magnify in stages using multiple lenses Transmission electron microscope - electrons transmitted through specimen Scanning electron microscope - electrons beamed onto surface of the specimen Visualizing Cells Prokaryotic Cells Simplest organisms Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. no distinct interior compartments gram-positive – thick single layer wall that retains a violet dye from Gram stain procedure gram-negative – multilayered wall does not retain dye Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends on cell wall structure. Prokaryotic Cells Some use flagellum for locomotion threadlike structures protruding from cell surface Eukaryotic Cells Characterized by compartmentalization by an endomembrane system, and the presence of membrane-bound organelles. Central vacuole – plants, storage Vesicles (smaller) Chromosomes - DNA and protein Cytoskeleton (internal protein scaffolding) Cell walls – plants and fungi Nucleus Repository for genetic material Directs activities of the cell Usually single, some cells several, RBC none Nucleolus - region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis Surface of nucleus bound b