提取练习效应概要1.ppt

4.1.3. Materials and procedure The materials and procedure were nearly identical to the previous experiments with the key exceptions being that participants in the retrieval practice conditions attempted to recall four practice items, rather than one practice item (as was the case in Experiments 1 and 2). The four items were all easy items, all difficult items, or a combination of easy and difficulty items to make up the medium difficulty condition according to norms reported in Grimaldi et al. (2010). 4.2. Experiment 3 results 4.2.1. Metacognitive accuracy analysis First, retrieval practice performance depended on the condition – easy, medium, or difficult (F(3,270) = 124.13,MSE = 0.04, p .001, η2 p = .58). Participants in the Easy Retrieval practice condition had the most retrieval practice success (M = 0.62) followed by participants in the Medium Retrieval Practice condition (M = 0.41), and finally, participants in the Difficult Retrieval Practice had the least amount of success (M = 0.13). 图2 实验3中被试在初始预测和调整预测中总的百分比。虚线为每种条件下的平均回忆成绩。 Dunlosky et al. (2002) argued that the most effective type of retrieval practice would be one that yields similar performance as the final test (i.e., the diagnosticity assumption). 实验3的结果支持了实验2的发现，在练习测试上体验到失败的被试调整了他们的预测成绩。困难提取条件下的被试，由于体验到更多的失败，相反会过度地调整他们的预测成绩，变得不太自信，相比中等难度提取条件下的元认知的准确性更差。因此，中等数量的提取练习失败对于提高元认知的准确性是必要的。 5. General discussion Retrieval fluency is one nonanalytic process that may influence participants to change or maintain their performance prediction (Benjamin, Bjork, Schwartz, 1998). Analytic and nonanalytic processes could influence participants’ predictions, analytic processes exert more influence on JOLs(Matvey, Dunloksy, Guttentag, 2001). 分析或非分析加工会影响被试对预测成绩的调整。 One alternative hypothesis is that any success or failure experience influences metacognitive monitoring judgments. Miller (2013) demonstrated that previous success or failure on an unrelated task influenced subsequent memory pe