葡萄育种 Grape Breeding.ppt

Contents Introduction Grapevine is one of the most widely grown crops in the world and covers about 7,955 million hectares. A single Eurasian grape species (V. vinifera) is the source of the estimated 10,000 cultivars that produce 99% of the world’s wine and table grapes today. It is generally believed that Vitis vinifera, originated in the Middle East and that cultivation of the grapevine began during the Neolithic era (6,000–5,000 BC) along the eastern shores of the Black Sea in the region known as Transcaucasia in the areas south of the Caspian and the Black Sea (Mullins et al.1992). Origin of grapevine Wine grape Table grape Table grape Raisin grape (制干葡萄) Flower Types and Flower Structure Three flower types: Functionally hermaphroditic（both the stamens and pistils are functional.）; Functionally pistillate （ have non-functional，relaxed stamens（雄蕊） ）; Functionally staminate（ the pistil(雌蕊) is incompletely developed and non-functional ）. Grape Flower Flower structure In perfect flowers, the pistil is normally surrounded by five stamens, although the number may vary from five to more on individual flowers of the same flower cluster(花穗). Grapevine is either self-pollinated or pollinated by wind, but honeybees and some other insects may also be active pollinators. Flower structure Breeding Objectives The common objectives of most breeding programs are to produce locally adapted, high yielding and quality cultivars adapted to environmental and pest stresses. In practice these objectives are complex given the different characteristics needed for table, raisin and wine grape production. Fruit Characteristics Seedlessness Other Fruit Characteristics （Berry skin color; Aromas(香气)… ） Breeding Techniques Controlled Cross Breeding Tissue Culture Techniques Molecular Studies Grape breeding is based primarily on hybridization. Self-pollination as breeding method has been poorly worked out and most of the attempts we