迈克尔版本微观经济学 第六章 Chapter6_SM.ppt

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario The market price paid by buyers rises to $8 a pack and the quantity bought decreases. The price received by the sellers falls to $5 a pack. So with the tax of $3 a pack, buyers pay $2 a pack more and sellers receive $1 a pack less. Taxes Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario A Tax on Buyers Again, with no tax, the equilibrium price is $6 a pack. A tax on buyers of $3 a pack is introduced. Demand decreases and the curve D ? tax on buyers shows the new demand curve. Taxes Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario The price received by sellers falls to $5 a pack and the quantity decreases. So with the tax of $3 a pack, buyers pay $2 a pack more and sellers receive $1 a pack less. The price paid by buyers rises to $8 a pack. Taxes Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario So, exactly as before when sellers were taxed: Buyers pay $2 of the tax. Sellers pay the other $1 of the tax. Tax incidence is the same regardless of whether the law says sellers pay or buyers pay. Taxes Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Tax Incidence and Elasticity of Demand The division of the tax between buyers and sellers depends on the elasticities of demand and supply. To see how, we look at two extreme cases. Perfectly inelastic demand: Buyers pay the entire tax. Perfectly elastic demand: Sellers pay the entire tax. The more inelastic the demand, the larger is the buyers’ share of the tax. Taxes Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Perfectly Inelastic Demand Demand for this good is perfectly inelastic—the demand curve is vertical. When a tax is imposed on this good, buyers pay the entire tax. Taxes Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Copyright ? 2013 Pearson Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario Perfectly Elastic Demand The dem