量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Charter9.ppt

The peak has a height of (|Vab|2t/2?)2 and a width 4?/t ; evidently it gets higher and narrower as time goes on. Homework: Problem 9.4. An electromagnetic wave (e.g. the “light”) consists of transverse (and mutually perpendicular) oscillating electric and magnetic fields (Figure 9.3). An atom, in the presence of a passing light wave, responds primarily to the electric component. If the wavelength is long (compared to the size of the atom), we can ignore the spatial variation in the field; the atom, then, is exposed to a sinusoidally oscillating electric field For the moment we’ll assume that the light is monochromatic and polarized along the z-direction. The perturbing Hamiltonian is where q is the charge of the electron. Evidently Typically, ? is an even or odd function of z; in either case z|?|2 is odd, and integrates to zero (see Problem 9.1 for some examples). This licenses our usual assumption that the diagonal matrix elements of H? vanish. Thus the interaction of light with matter is governed by precisely the kind of oscillatory perturbation we studied in Section 9.1.3, with If an atom starts out in the “lower” state ?a , and you shine a polarized monochromatic beam of light on it, the probability of a transition to the “upper” state ?b is given by Eq.[9.28], which (in view of Eq.[9.34]) takes the form In this process, the atom absorbs energy Eb?Ea=??0 from the electromagnetic field. We say that it has “absorbed a photon” (Figure 9.4a). If the system starts off in the upper state [ca(0)=0, cb(0)= 1], the probability of a transition down to the lower level: If the particle is in the upper state, and you shine light on it, it can make a transition to the lower state. In fact the probability of such a transition is exactly the same as for a transition upward from the lower state. This process, which was first discovered by Einstein, is called stimulated emission. In the case of stimulated emission the electromagnetic field