EnglishforCivilEngineering资料.ppt

7. The establishment of a drift index limit is a major design decision, but, unfortunately, there are no unambiguous or widely accepted values, or even, in some of the National Codes concerned, any firm guidance. The designer is then faced with having to decide on an appropriate value. 层间侧移指标限值的建立是一个主要设计决策，但是不幸的是，还没有明确的或普遍公认的值，甚至一些国家规范没有参与任何确切的指导。设计师不得不自己确定一个适当的值。 8. The figure adopted will reflect the building usage, the type of design criterion employed (for example, working or ultimate load conditions), the form of construction, the materials employed, including any substantial infills or claddings the wind loads considered, and, in particular, past experience of similar buildings that have performed satisfactorily. 利用的统计数字反映了建筑物的使用情况，采用的设计标准（例如工作或极限荷载条件）、建筑形式、所用的材料（包括风荷载考虑的任何实质性的填充物或覆盖层），特别是已经圆满完成的类似建筑物的以往经验。 9. Design drift index limits that have been used in different countries range from 0.001 to 0.005. To put this in perspective, a maximum horizontal top deflection of between 0.1 and 0.5 m (6 to 20 in . ) would be allowed in a 33 story, 100 m (330 ft.) high building, or, alternatively, a relative deflection of 3 to 15 mm (0.12 to 0.6 in.) over a story height of 3 m (10 ft). 不同的国家已经使用的设计层间侧移指标限值范围从0.001到0.005。要知道，一个33层100m （330英尺）高的建筑物允许最大水平位移在0.1和0.5m之间（6到20英寸），或者，换种说法，层高为3m（10英尺）的建筑物相对挠度3 到15mm（0.12到0.6英尺）。 16. Actually there are no perfect pin connections or any perfect fixed ends, and the usual column in a braced frame falls between the two extremes. This discussion would seem to indicate that column effective lengths always vary from an absolute minimum of L/2 to an absolute maximum of L, but there are exceptions to this rule. 事实上没有理想的铰接和固接，一般的支撑框架都在这两个极限之间屈曲。这样的讨论似乎表明柱的有效长度从绝对极小值L / 2到绝对最大L，但是这条规则也有例外。 17. An example is given in Fig.l2-2a where a simple bent is shown. The base of each of the columns is pinned, and the other end is free to rotate and move laterally (sidesway). Examination of this figure will show that the effective length will ex