前言热力学基础.docVIP

高等工程热力学 工程热力学是研究不同形式能量之间相互转换规律的一门科学。本科的《工程热力学》课程已经介绍的工程热力学的基本概念、基本定律、理想气体和基本的热力学分析知识。研究生的《高等工程热力学》是在《工程热力学》本科课程基础上的提高、深入和拓展。学习了这部分内容可以直接解决工程技术和科学研究中遇到的许多问题。如各种物质包括单质和混合物的热力性质，燃烧、冶金或化工过程中化学反应进行的方向、限度以及如何控制，能量系统的火用分析等等。  1 热力学基础 1.1 BASIC THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS AND LAWS The subject of engineering thermodynamics revolves around two pivotal statements, the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. Both laws are old relative to our lifetime experience, the first law being the product of a vehement debate started approximately 200 years ago. Since the objective of all introductory thermodynamics courses is to explain the meaning and usefulness of the two laws and their related concepts, in the present treatment it is assumed that the laws are known and accepted. However, in order to provide a common language and ground for the issues to be debated in this book, the basic concepts introduced in engineering through thermodynamics are reviewed in this chapter. The review is limited to the thermodynamics of a pure substance. 1.1.1 DEFINITIONS A key concept in thermodynamics analysis, often abused, is the concept of system. A thermodynamic system is the region or collection of matter in space that is selected for analysis. The concept of system requires the recognition of an environment, which is the space, or system, external to the system of interest. Separating the two systems is the system boundary (frontier) which, in general, is a real or imaginary surface delineating the contour of the system of interest. The system boundary may or may not possess special features that, as a matter of consequence, lead to a hierarchic ordering of thermodynamic systems for the purpose of analysis. For example, a boundary which is impermeable to mass flow defines a closed system. Naturally, in a closed system the matter (mass inventory) is conserved. On the other hand, a boundary which is permeable (has openings, ports) for mass transfer defines an open system. Th