6曼昆宏观-第六讲-货币制度探究.pptVIP

* 如果没有货币，贸易只能依靠物物交换—用一种物品或劳务交换另一种物品或劳务 交易要求欲望的双向一致性—一种不大可能的偶然巧合，即两个人中每个人都有对方想要的物品或劳务 许多人都要花时间去搜寻其他人与之贸易—这是对资源的巨大浪费 有了货币（经济中人们经常用于向其他人购买物品和劳务的一组资产）之后，这样的搜寻就变得没有必要 流动性：把一种资产转变为交换媒介的容易程度。 Money is a unit of account. The price or monetary value of virtually everything is measured in the same units – dollars (in the U.S., or substitute your country’s currency if you’re located outside the U.S.). Imagine how hard it would be to plan your budget or comparison shop if sellers each used their own system of measuring prices. Money is a store of value. Money holds its value over time, so you don’t have to spend it immediately upon receiving it. * Intrinsic value means the commodity would have value even if it weren’t being used as money. In the film “The Shawshank Redemption,” prisoners use cigarettes as money. Fiat money is worthless – except as money. Yet, people are happy to accept your dollars (or euros or yen or whatever) because they know that they will be able to spend them elsewhere. * M1：通货，活期存款，旅游支票，其他支票存款 M1 = 1.4万亿美元 (2008年6月) M2： M1中的每一项加上储蓄存款，小额定期存款，货币市场共同基金和几种不重要的项目 M2 = 7.7 万亿美元 (2008年6月) * In subsequent chapters (including the chapter immediately following this one), students will learn that the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy can have huge effects on many macroeconomic variables, like inflation, interest rates, unemployment, and even stock price indexes and exchange rates. As chair of the FOMC, Ben Bernanke is in the news quite frequently. * In subsequent chapters (including the chapter immediately following this one), students will learn that the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy can have huge effects on many macroeconomic variables, like inflation, interest rates, unemployment, and even stock price indexes and exchange rates. As chair of the FOMC, Ben Bernanke is in the news quite frequently. * The notion that banks create money by making loans is a new and perhaps awkward idea for students. The following slide may help. *