计算机视觉：简单空域滤波Simplefilters.pdfVIP

Linear Filters • Example: smoothing by averaging • form the average of pixels in a neighbourhood • Example: smoothing with a Gaussian • form a weighted average of pixels in a neighbourhood • Example: finding a derivative • form a weighted average of pixels in a neighbourhood Smoothing by Averaging 1 Nij = uv Oi+u,j +v N where u, v, is a window of N pixels in total centered at 0, 0 Smoothing with a Gaussian • Notice “ringing” • apparently, a grid is superimposed • Smoothing with an average actually doesn’t compare at all well with a defocussed lens • what does a point of light • A Gaussian gives a good produce? model of a fuzzy blob Gaussian filter kernel 2 2 1 u + v Kuv = 22 exp 22 We’re assuming the index can take negative values Smoothing with a Gaussian Nij = Oiu,j v Kuv Notice the curious looking form uv Finding derivatives 1 Nij = (Ii+1,j Iij ) x Convolution • Each of these involves a weighted sum of image pixels • The set of weights is the same • we represent these weights as an image, H • H is usually called the kernel • Operation is called convolution • it’s associative • Any linear shift-invariant operation can be represented by convolution • linear: G(k f)=k G(f) • shift invariant: G(Shift(f))=Shift(G(f)) • Examples: • smoothing, differentiation, camera with a reasonable, defocussed lens system