《经济学原理·曼昆·第三版》第6章.pptVIP

第六章  供给、需求与政府政策 Chapter 6 Supply, Demand and Government Policies 在本章中，你将 考察政府实行价格上限政策的影响 考察政府实行价格下限政策的影响 考虑对一种物品征税如何影响价格和销售量 知道对买者征税和对卖者征税是等价的 了解税收负担如何在买者和卖者之间的分摊 在实现这些目的后，你应该能 说明价格上限成为制约性约束的必要条件 解释为什么限制性价格下限引起过剩 说明为什么对一种物品征税通常减少了该物品的销售量 说明为什么对一种物品的买者和卖者征税时结果是相同的 说明当需求缺乏弹性和供给富有弹性时是一种物品的买者还是卖者承担税收负担（税收归宿问题） Prologue This chapter offers our first look at policy. Here we analyze various types of government policy using only the tools of supply and demand. As you will see, the analysis yields some surprising insights. Policies often have effects that their architects did not intend or anticipate. We begin by considering policies that directly control prices. After our discussion of price controls, we next consider the impact of taxes. Policymakers use taxes both to influence market outcomes and to raise revenue for public purposes. Although the prevalence of taxes in our economy is obvious, their effects are not. 6.1 价格控制  Price Control Price Control Are usually enacted when policymakers believe the market price is unfair to buyers or sellers Result in government-created price ceilings and floors. Price Ceiling A legally established maximum price at which a good can be sold. Price Floor A legally established minimum price at which a good can be sold. 6.1.1 价格上限如何影响市场结果 HOW PRICE CEILINGS AFFECT MARKET OUTCOMES 3块钱的冰淇淋只卖1块，每平方米5000元的房屋只卖2000元，50美元一桶的石油只卖20块，假如这一切都成为现实，我们是否会吃到更可口的食物，住更宽敞的房子，更便捷地开汽车呢？ 6.1.1 价格上限如何影响市场结果 HOW PRICE CEILINGS AFFECT MARKET OUTCOMES A Price Ceiling That Is Not Binding... A Price Ceiling That Is Binding... Effects of Price Ceilings A binding price ceiling creates ... shortages because QD QS. Example: Gasoline shortage of the 1970s nonprice rationing 先来先得——first-come, first-served 限制购买量——limiting sales to each customer 排队配给——lines form（rationing by the “queue”） 票证配给——coupon rationing. Cases 1: Lines at the Gas Pump The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is Not Binding... The Price Ceiling on Gasoline Is