美国城市雨洪管理的演变：从阴沟暗道到绿色洁净——王虹.pdfVIP

美国城市雨洪管理 从阴沟暗管到绿色革命 王虹, IWHR 10-2013 A combined sewer construction in Philly ，1909 Historical Development Earlier—1850 年 Private Decentralized Surface 1990 年—Present Slow/infiltration Municipal Centralized Underground 1850 年—1990年 Fast/get out Earlier Time 分散、地表排水 自行修建管理 就近储、滲、蒸发 Timeline The first comprehensively planned CSSs in the United States were constructed in Chicago and Brooklyn in the late 1850s. The first separate system in the United States in 1875 for the small Massachusetts community of Lenox. By 1905, more than 95 percent of the urban population discharged their wastewater untreated to waterways. The Water Pollution Control Act Enabled in 1948. Extended in 1952 Became permanent legislation in 1956, Made amendments in 1965, SSS become common choice for newly urbanized areas. 1972, eliminating all water pollution by 1985 and authorized expenditures of $24.6 billion in research and construction grants 1977 encourage decentralized 1978 IL Act 167 Peak Flows Limited to Preconstruction Levels 24 hour extreme events single peak 2 ‐100 year All Points Leaving Site Municipal Implementation Individual site “downstream property line” Detention / Retention Basins Retention/Detention Integrated Design 源头控制 小区控制