现象学研究.PPT

內隱理論是引導我們思考卻往往無法以文字說明清楚的理論 * (2)應然我與實然我的差距?有較高神經質與較低主觀幸福感 * (2)應然我與實然我的差距?有較高神經質與較低主觀幸福感 * * * /chuck/rationalliving.htm Beck的認知治療法 Beck的認知治療法 論點 一個人的感覺與行為是決定於其對自體經驗的結構。換言之，一個人的感覺與行為是由其認知內容所決定。 若要了解情緒困擾的本質，必須把焦點放在個人對引發困擾事件的反應或思考時的內容上 反對治療者直接建議替代性的認知，治療者應以相關的諮商技術來協助當事人反映出個人的議題，讓當事人確認負面思考和不適當的信念，並加以改變 * Beck的認知治療法 自動化思考（automatic thoughts） 當事人在引發情緒反應之前，會在腦海中出現一種思考方式，可稱為自動化思考 每個人都有自動化思考，它們就像是會突然出現在我們腦海中的想法一樣 我們從未仔細地去思考過這些想法，在大多數的時間裡，它們的出現是相當快速短暫的，且會被某些方式所扭曲，而這些被扭曲的想法，會讓我們容易選擇性地吸收負面的、不好的、危險的訊息 即使它與事實不符，但我們卻常信以為真 * The cognitive model of substance use * * Beck的認知治療法 Principle of cognitive treatment: Cognitive therapy is based on a unique cognitive conceptualization of each patient A strong therapeutic alliance is essential Cognitive therapy is goal-oriented The initial focus of therapy is on the present * Beck的認知治療法 Cognitive therapy is time-sensitive Therapy sessions are structured, with active participation Patients are taught to identify and respond to dysfunctional thoughts Cognitive therapy emphasizes psychoeducation and relapse prevention * Beck的認知治療法 認知扭曲： All-or-nothing thinking (splitting) – Conception in absolute terms, like always, every, never, and there is no alternative“ Overgeneralization – Extrapolating limited experiences and evidence to broad generalizations. Magical thinking - Expectation of certain outcomes based on performance of unrelated acts or utterances. * Beck的認知治療法 Mental filter – Inability to to view positive or negative features of an experience, for example, noticing only tiny imperfection in a piece of otherwise useful clothing. Disqualifying the positive – Discounting positive experiences for arbitrary, ad hoc reasons. Jumping to conclusions – Reaching conclusions (usually negative) from little (if any) evidence. * Beck的認知治療法 Jumping to conclusions – Reaching conclusions (usually negative) from little (if any) evidence. Mind reading – Sense of access to special knowledge of the intentions or thoughts of others. Fortune telling – In