(法学英语unit 3课件)search for background information.ppt

Ryder defines pain as “any form of suffering or negative experience, including fear, distress and boredom, as well as corporeal pain itself. Such things as injustice, inequality and loss of liberty naturally cause pain.” Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes overall “happiness”. It is now generally taken to be a form of consequentialism; Utilitarianism can be characterized as a quantitative and reductionist approach to ethics. It is a type of naturalism. It can be contrasted with deontological ethics, which does not regard the consequences of an act as a determinant of its moral worth; virtue ethics, which focuses on character; pragmatic ethics; as well as with ethical egoism and other varieties of consequentialism. It refers to the criminal intent that is necessary as an element to be proven in a crime. The animal liberation movement, sometimes called the animal rights movement, animal personhood, or animal advocacy movement, is a social movement which seeks an end to the rigid moral and legal distinction drawn between human and non-human animals, an end to the status of animals as property, and an end to their use in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries Animal welfare is the physical and psychological well-being of animals. It is measured by indicators including behavior, physiology, longevity, and reproduction. The term animal welfare can also mean human concern for animal welfare or a position in a debate on animal ethics and animal rights. This position is measured by attitudes to different types of animal uses. It is defined as surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. ; The term is sometimes more broadly defined as any experimentation on live animals. pure research such as genetics, developmental biology, behavioral studi