唐代的性别与医疗.PDFVIP

唐代的性別與醫療 李貞德 中央研究院歷史語言研究所 收入鄧小南主編 《唐宋女性與社會》北京大學盛唐研究叢書 上海辭書出版社（2003 ）頁415-446 唐代的性別與醫療 李貞德 中央研究院歷史語言研究所 中文摘要 本文以筆者過去的研究為基礎，以醫方為主要材料，旁及相關文獻，從女性 人生中的兩種重要活動：生育和健康照顧入手，嘗試勾勒唐代婦女生活的一個側 面，並介紹現有醫療史上與性別相關的研究成果。關於生育文化的部份，本文說 明求子醫方的重點從房中術到草藥的轉變，並指出用藥求子和以胎產為主，是隋 唐之間婦產科濫觴的基礎。伴隨此專科出現的，則是性別化的身體觀。而醫者對 於產育活動全面介入，規範生產相關行為，包括確立入月滑胎時間、重整產圖、 並且批評女性助產者。這些產育論述中所彰顯的「女弱」觀點，對女性產生保護 和管束的雙重效果，同時影響到女性在健康照顧方面的處境。在唐代醫療活動規 範化的過程中，女性不論在制度上或在文化思維上，都遭到不少挫折。尼師女冠 固然不得為人療疾，醫療教育與考課亦不見進用女醫的條例；而醫方中不斷申論 婦人污穢乃合藥禁忌，似乎將女性排除在製藥之外。雖然女性行醫自古而然，但 女性作為醫療者的角色，似乎挑戰不斷，唯獨在擔任照顧者角色、為家人的健康 焚膏繼晷之時，才能贏得肯定。 關鍵詞：唐代、性別、醫療 English Abstract This review article examines two major activities women engaged in early imperial China: childbirth and health care. The discussion is based on medical texts and other contemporary materials as well as my previous research on related issues. The purpose is not only to demonstrate women’s lives in Tang China but also to introduce recent works on gender and medicine. On the subject of childbirth, this article shows the transformations Chinese reproductive medicine underwent in the 7th th and the 8 centuries. Medical doctors intervened into the whole process of childbirth, from begetting a child to postpartum care and identified themselves as the ones who applied herbal medicine. They perceived a female body first through reproductive function and then the natural weakness of women. Such gendered view of medical body, which in fact led to the birth of gynecology in the Tang, strived to protect and to discipline women at the same time. Male authors of medical texts gradually agreed on the proper time for taking herbal medicine to ensure a quick and safe delivery. They integrated separate “delivery charts,” used to identify squatting positions and proper geomantic directions in delivery as well as proper locations for the burial of placenta, int