清代总督制度研究AStudyoftheGovernor.PDFVIP

清代總督制度研究 清代總督制度研究 A Study of the Governor-generalship in Ching China, 1644 一 1911 古鴻建 (Hung-ting Ku)* 傳光森（Kwang-shen Fu)** 摘 要 清沿明制，除直隸地區外，合二至三直省，置一總督，依《史部則Ii》規定， 總督為文官正二品，與巡撫之品級相同，但其實際官階常因時因人而異，設立之初， 原為朝廷派往地方辦理事務，監察史治之代表，不少總督具有京官官街。總督之職 掌涵蓋監察、治軍、用人、財政各方面，實際權力則日益擴大，清季時，中央對各 省之軍事、財政漸失控制，各直省總督儼成一方之主。滿人在入關之初，在任命總 督之人事上，重用旗人，乾嘉以後，漢人漸取代旗人，西力束漸後，滿清王朝在內 憂外患下，更倚重漢人，自道光至光統年閒，漢人任總督者，幾達總督之總人數之 十分之七。 ABSTRACT The governors-general were the highest officials in the provinces in Ching China ·The Manchu rulers appointed some trusted servants to supervise the local affairs. Usually, two or three provinces were grouped into an administrative area under the jurisdiction of a govern-general. The assignments were presumably temporary ones. They developed later into formal and regular appointments. The study of the local af- fairs has attracted some Ching schorlats for many years.Nonetheless,few had paid attention solely on the governor 一 generalship. The number and administrative zones of various governors 一 general varied from 1 ■ ‘ ！ 盧 time to U n time. The first governors-general was appointed in 1647. There were governor 一 generlaship lasted for more than 130 years. While some lasted less than i ， ■ years, It is the intention of this paper to make inquiry into the power, official titles, authority and influence of these highest local officials through the study of the regu- lations and practices on the appointments of the governors-general. Keywords:Ching China, Governo