考试中经常用到的规律（Regular use of the test）.docVIP

考试中经常用到的规律（Regular use of the test） : 1. Solubility rule - see solubility watch; 2. The range of change of color of acid and alkali indicator: Color range of indicator PH Methyl orange 3.1 red 3.1-4.4 orange 4.4 yellow Phenolphthalein 8.0 colorless 8.0-10.0 light red 10.0 red Stamens 5.red 5.1-8.0 purple 8.0 blue On inert electrodes, the order of discharge of various ions: Ability of cathode (away) : Au3 + + Ag Hg2 + Cu2 + Pb2 + Fa2 + Zn2 + + H Al3 + magnesium 2 + Na + Ca2 + K + Anodes (the ability to lose electrons) : S2 - I - Br - Cl - BBB 3 OH - BBB 4 oxygenated roots Note: if the anode is made of metal, the oxidation reduction reaction occurs in the anode itself (except Pt, Au). (1) hydrolyzed ions on the left, hydrolyzed products on the right hand side; (2) balance: the charge is balanced on the left, and other atoms are balanced on the right. (3) H, O uneven, add water over there. Example: when Na2CO3 mixed with AlCl3 solution, 3 CO32 - + 2Al3 + + 3H2O = 2Al (OH) 3 5. Methods to write the total reaction equation of electrolysis: (1) analysis: what are the reactants and products; (2) balance. Example: electrolytic KCl solution: 2KCl + 2H2O = = H2 + Cl2 + Cl2 + 2 koh balance: 2KCl + 2H2O = = H2 arrow + Cl2 + 2 koh 6. A chemical reaction equation is divided into two electrode reactions: (1) write two semi-reactive equations by electron gain; (2) to consider the environment (acidity or alkalinity) in reaction time; (3) equalize the number of atoms and charges on the second side. Example: the reaction in the battery is: Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O try to write the electrode reaction as the original battery (discharge). Write two and a half reactions: Pb - 2e - - - - - - - PbSO4 PbO2 + 2e - PbSO4 Analysis: in an acidic environment, fill other atoms: the negative pole: Pb + SO42-2e - = PbSO4 Positive pole: PbO2 + 4H + SO42 - + 2e - = PbSO4 + 2H2O Note: when charging, it is electrolytic, and the electrode reaction is reversed for the above