二语习得语言迁移L1_transfer分解.ppt

L1 transfer： 语言迁移 6. Psycholinguistic aspects of interlanguage Ways of L1 transfer 1. negative transfer 2. positive transfer 3. avoidance 4. overuse negative transfer Positive transfer is a very important part of learning. George playing football. Chinese influence George played football all the time. (target) positive transfer Language transfer that facilitates the acquisition of target-language forms. French learners of English are much less likely to make errors of this kind: The man whom I spoke to him is a millionaire. than Arabic learners. L1 transfer can result in avoidance, which is said to occur when specific target language features are under-represented in learner production in comparison to native-speaker production. avoidance Overuse (过度使用) The overuse of some feature (e.g. simple coordinate structures) where some other feature (e.g. relative clauses) is preferred in target-language use. Overuse may or not result in errors. e.g. Chinese speakers tend to overuse the expression of regret when apologize in English. Contrastive analysis A set of procedures for comparing and contrasting the linguistic systems of two languages in order to identify their structural similarities and differences. 对比分析是把两种语言进行对比，从而确定其中的相同点和不同点，对比分析最终的目的是为了预测母语对第二语言的学习所可能造成的影响。有语言之间的接触，也就有语言的对比。这一派的观点认为母语与目的语的能力彼此冲突，会妨碍母的语的能力。将两种语言对比一下，就能预测可能出现的错误。 Contrastive analysis (behaviourist view) Problematic predictions: Differences do not always result in learning difficulty. Speech act ( 言语行为) An action performed by the use of an utterance, in speech or writing, to communicate. 在请求别人时，用错了语调，会使效果适得其反。 例如： 学生对教授说：“ Wouldn’t it be a good idea if I postpone the defence?” 时，用了降调。此时，学生请求教授延长答辩时期，本应足够的礼貌，可是降调的使用使得教授觉得学生不是在请求自己，而是在命令自己，结果适得其反。 Restructuring continuum 重组连续体 This refers to the idea that interlanguage development consist of learners gradually replacing L1 rules with target-language rules. 关于母语在二语习得中的作 用，中介语（interlanguage)内 部出现了两种理论，分别是 重