will media influence learning reframing the debate（媒体会影响学习把辩论）.pdfVIP

Kozma, R. (1994). Will media influence learning: Reframing the debate. Educational Technology Research and Development, 42(2), 7-19. Will Media Influence Learning? Reframing the Debate Robert B. Kozma The University of Michigan ABSTRACT This article addresses the position taken by Clark (1983) that media do not influence learning under any conditions. The article reframes the questions raised by Clark to explore the conditions under which media will influence learning. Specifically, it posits the need to consider the capabilities of media, and the methods that employ them, as they interact with the cognitive and social processes by which knowledge is constructed. This approach is examined within the context of two major m edia-based projects, one which uses computers and the other video. The article discusses the implications of this approach for media theory, research, and practice. Do media influence learning? Ten years ago, Richard Clark (1983) reviewed the results of comparative research on educational media and claimed that they provide consistent evidence . . . for the generalization that there are no learning benefits to be gained from employing any specific medium to deliver instruction (p. 445). According to Clark, the results of those studies that appear to favor one medium over another are due not to the medium but to the method or content that are introduced along with the medium. Clark concludes that . . . media do not influence learning under any conditions (p. 445). Rather, . . . media are mere vehicles that deliver instruction but do not influence student achievement any more than the truck that delivers our groceries causes changes in our nutrition (p. 445).