全科医生看化验单的基本功（The general practitioner looks at the basic skills of the laboratory paper）.docVIP

全科医生看化验单的基本功（The general practitioner looks at the basic skills of the laboratory paper） Sputum examination 1. general character check normal person, phlegm is colorless or hoar. Purulent infection is yellow; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is greenish yellow; large lobar pneumonia is rusty; acute left heart failure is pink frothy sputum; amebic lung abscess is brown. When the respiratory system has pathological changes, the sputum can be mucous, serous, purulent and bloody. 2. microscopic examination (1) the red staining smear sputum cells: normal red cells, purulent sputum showed a small amount of red blood cells; the white blood cells: normal sputum may have a small amount of white blood cells, respiratory tract infection (sepsis) shows a large number of white cells; the alveolar macrophages in pulmonary congestion, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hemorrhage; 4. Parasites and eggs: such as Paragonimus eggs and Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites; the Charcot Leyden crystal: in the sputum of patients with bronchial asthma and lung fluke; the Koshman spiral: in patients with bronchial asthma and asthmatic bronchitis. (2) staining smears: exfoliative cells examination: Pap staining for lung cancer cells; bacterial examination: many pathogens can be detected by Gram staining; 3. Mycobacteria: acid fast staining and O staining. 3. pathogen culture is carried out according to possible diseases for different pathogens, such as general bacteria, tubercle bacillus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, fungi and anaerobic bacteria. Note that the anaerobic bacteria culture thyrocricocentesis sputum, the possibility of oropharyngeal contamination, sputum culture results are not necessarily reactions of lower respiratory tract infection. Two serum potassium [reference value] 3.5 ~ 5.3mmol.L. It is important to note that hemolysis can result in elevated levels of serum potassium if serum samples are hemolysis. [clinical significance] 1. hypokalemia (serum potassium, 3.5mmol/L) Inadequate intake, suc