观察性研究中的因果推断方法(二)30分钟.pptVIP

Back-door path: A path that connects X to Y is a back-door path from X to Y if it has an arrowhead pointing to X. e.g. X ←U1→Y; X ←U2→Y. Front-door path: A path that connects X to Y is a front-door path from X to Y if it has an non-direct causal path arrowhead emanating from X. e.g. X → T → C → Y. Blocked path Unblocked path: A path is blocked if it has one or more colliders; otherwise it is unblocked. e.g. U1 → X ← U2. Conditioning: Examining the distribution of one variable within levels of another by regression adjustment, stratification, restriction(Subgroup analysis), or c