清华本科课件《生物化学》Summary 422102535.pptVIP

* FIGURE 21-4 The overall process of palmitate synthesis. The fatty acyl chain grows by two-carbon units donated by activated malonate, with loss of CO2 at each step. The initial acetyl group is shaded yellow, C-1 and C-2 of malonate are shaded pink, and the carbon released as CO2 is shaded green. After each two-carbon addition, reductions convert the growing chain to a saturated fatty acid of four, then six, then eight carbons, and so on. The final product is palmitate (16:0). * * * * * Table 22-01 * * * * FIGURE 22-33 De novo synthesis of purine nucleotides: construction of the purine ring of inosinate (IMP). Each addition to the purine ring is shaded to match Figure 22-32. After step 2, R symbolizes the 5-phospho-D-ribosyl group on which the purine ring is built. Formation of 5-phosphoribosylamine (step 1) is the first committed step in purine synthesis. Note that the product of step 9, AICAR, is the remnant of ATP released during histidine biosynthesis (see Figure 22-20, step 5). Abbreviations are given for most intermediates to simplify the naming of the enzymes. Step 6a is the alternative path from AIR to CAIR occurring in higher eukaryotes. * * * * * TABLE 25-3 Proteins Required to Initiate Replication at the E. coli Origin * TABLE 26-2 Proteins Required for Initiation of Transcription at the RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) Promoters of Eukaryotes * * TABLE 27-4 How the Wobble Base of the Anticodon Determines the Number of Codons a tRNA Can Recognize * TABLE 27-5 Components Required for the Five Major Stages of Protein Synthesis in E. coli * Eukaryotic RNA polymerases ***** The action of RNA polymerases can be specifically inhibited Three-ring-containing, planar antibiotic molecules like actinomycin （放射菌素）D intercalates between two successive GC base pairs in duplex DNA, preventing RNA polymerases (all types) to move along the template (thus the elongation of RNA synthesis). Rifampicin （利福平） (an antibiotic) binds to the b subunit of bacterial RNA polymerases, p