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一、History of Screen Translation字幕翻译的历史 1. When Al Johnson made his sound debut on screen with The Jazz Singer in 1927, a new era in film history began. C译：1927年，约翰逊主演的电影《爵士歌王》首次以有声电影的形式亮相荧幕，开启了电影史上一个崭新的纪元。 R译：1927年，阿尔——乔尔森的声音首次出现在有声电影《爵士歌王》中，开启了电影史上一个崭新的纪元。 2. Although silent movies continued to be made until the early 1930s, the talkies quickly became the norm. C译: 尽管无声电影一直持续到上世纪三十年代早期，然而有声电影却迅速地成为了常态。 R译：尽管无声电影一直持续到上世纪三十年代早期，但是有声电影却迅速地成了主流。 3. Once an actors voice could be heard, many a career was lost if audiences did not like the sound of the voice. 译：一旦人们能听到演员的声音，而这些演员的声音又不被观众所喜爱的时候，演员的职业生涯（多半）就走到了尽头。 4. But even though the early cinema actors voices could not be heard, silent film was, in reality, far from silent. C译: 然而即使人们听不到早期电影演员的声音，但事实确是，此时无声胜有声。 R译：然而即使人们听不到早期电影演员的声音，但事实上，无声电影并非真正无声。 5. Early cinema audiences could clearly see that actors were engaged in verbal communication on screen (King, 1996: 32). 早期的电影观众可以清晰地看到屏幕上演员的口型交流（金，1996：32）。 6. This visible, though not audible, linguistic element of early films was often supplemented by the intermittent use of intertitles, which helped to clarify dialogue and plot development. C译:早期电影这种可见而不可听的语言学元素是对断断续续屏幕上的文字的补充，屏幕上的文字又会帮助人们明晰对话和情节的发展。 R译：早期电影这种可见而不可听的语言学元素通常辅以间歇插入的文字作补充，帮助人们明晰对话和情节的发展。 7. Intertitles, which may be viewed as the direct forerunners of subtitles, posed relatively little problem when a film was exported, as they could be removed, translated, drawn or printed on paper, filmed and inserted again in the film (Ivarsson, 1992: 15). C译: 屏幕上的文字被视为字幕的先驱，因为这些文字能够被清除，翻译，打印，或者再次插入电影（依瓦森 1992: 15）。 R译：屏幕上的文字可以被视为字幕的前身，这些文字在影片被出口时出现的问题相对较少，因为它们可以被移除、翻译、勾勒或者打印在纸上，并且再次被插入到电影中（依瓦森 1992: 15）。 8. But, by their very nature, they were little more than a very cryptic, silent substitute for audible narration and dialogue. C译: 但是，就其本质而言并无差别，因为它们都是听得见的叙述和对话的隐藏的替代物。 R译：但是，就其本质而言，这些文字只是听得见的叙述和对话的隐性替代物。 9. So until synchronised sound became technically and commercially feasible, it was quite common for cinemas to