仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage5-211 VOR_NDB APCH.ppt

Instrument Approaches VOR and NDB Approaches Non-Precision Instrument Approach Procedures Navaid Location 2 types of VOR or NDB approaches: VOR Approach VOR Approach VOR Approach Missed Approach VOR Approach VOR Approach VOR Approach VOR Approaches Descent can be as low as 250’AGL Typical MDA: 500 to 1000 feet above TDZE Kalispell, Montana VOR or GPS Rwy 30 (next slide) Is DME required? DME ARC at Kalispell, Mont VOR Rwy 30 On-Airport Facility Generally no FAF unless DME or other means is available to identify that fix. FAP used instead Look at some approaches NDB Approach NDB Approach Missed Approach NDB Approaches High powered NDB or low powered ILS compass locator Advantages and disadvantages based upon pilot’s taste Erratic needle movement Less complex with changing needles Position orientation with needle Some examples… * * Now we’ll look at some examples of representative Non-Precision Approaches and examine how a pilot goes about using each. As you recall, Non-Precision Approaches include: VOR NDB Localizer GPS ASR – Airport Surveillance Radar (There are no graphical plates for this type of approach) (VOR transmitter on-airport) …then he/she can descend to 920’ per the minimums table Once established outbound, the pilot can descend to 2,300’ After crossing station passage, the pilot heads outbound on the 40o radial Once established inbound on the 220o radial, the pilot can descend to 1,360’ We see this confirmed in the minimums table If the pilot has a second VOR and can ID NIORT intersection, here… If the pilot passes the VOR without ever having seen the airport or the airport environment, then he/she must “go missed.” Once the procedure turn is completed, the pilot will intercept the 220o radial inbound From this the pilot knows that it is 2NM from NIORT Intersection to the MAP How does the pilot know when they’ve reached the MAP if they can’t see anything outside? Station passage So, what’s really happening here is a series of step-downs (VOR transmitte