075mm 的颗粒超过全重50 ％ Civil Engineering Department of .PPT

§1.Soil Physical Characteristics and Classification ◆　Soil Formation ◆　 Composition and Structure of Soil ◆　Soil Model Expressions----Phase Relationships 　　　 ◆　Relative density of the granular soils ◆　Consistency of cohesive soils ◆　Soil Compaction ◆　Classification §1.1 Soil Formation To the civil engineer, Soil is any uncemented or weakly accumulation of mineral particles formed by the weathering of rocks, the void space between the particles containing water and /or air. Weak cementation can be due to carbonates or oxides precipitated between the particles or due to organic matter. ? Residual soil If the products of weathering remain at their original location they constitute a residual soil. ? Transported soil If the products are transported and deposited in a different location they constitute a transported soil, the agents of transportation being gravity, wind, water and glacier. § 1.2 Composition and Structure of Soil 1.2.1 Particle Size Analysis ? Particle sizes vary considerably from those measured in microns (clays) to those measured in meters (boulders)---a difference of one million! Most of natural soils are composite soils and the distribution of these sizes gives very useful information about the engineering behavior of the soil. ? The distribution is determined by separated the particles using two processes—sieving and sedimentation 1.2.2 Sieving ? Sieves separate particles in the range between 75mm and 60μm(gravel and sand) and sedimentation separates particles less than 60μm(silt and clay). Particles greater than 75mm are cobble size and not usually include in the tests. They are removed before testing and an estimate made or their proportion. 1.2.3 Sedimentation Test Particle size distribution curves ? The higher the value of the coefficient of coefficient of uniformity the larger the range of particles sizes in the soil. A well graded soil has a coefficient of curv