halliday physics（哈立德大学物理学）Chap20 special relativity.pdfVIP

Chapter 20 The Special Theory of Relativity Key words antiparticle 反粒子 electron-positron annihilation 正负电子湮灭 the principle of relativity 相对性原理 the principle of the constancy of the speed of light 光速不变原理 time dilation 时间膨胀 proper time 本征时，原时，固有时 length contraction 长度收缩 proper length (rest length) 本征长度，原长，固有长度，静长 Lorentz transformation 洛伦兹变换 space-time coordinates of an event 事件的时空坐标 the relativity of simultaneity 同时的相对性 relativistic momentum and energy 相对论的动量和能量 relation of mass and energy 质能关系 relation of mass and velocity 质速关系 relation of energy and momentum 能量动量关系 What do you know about the theory of relativity? Can you say something about the theory of relativity? Near the end of the 19th century, many physicists thought that all the important laws of physics had been discovered and that there was little left for them to do other than work out the remaining details. However, the discovery of radioactivity by Becquerel (法国物理学家) in 1896, the theoretical papers of Planck (德国物理学家, 量子论 确立者) in 1897 and Einstein(美籍德国犹太人) in 1905, and the work of Rutherford (英国物理学家,化学家), Millikan (美 国物理学家), Bohr(丹麦物理学家), de Broglie (法国物理学家), Schrödinger (奥地利理论物理学家), Heisenberg (德国物理学 家), and others in the early twentieth century led to two completely new theories: relativity and quantum mechanics. These theories revolutionized the world of science and became the foundation for new technologies that have changed the face of civilization. 20-1 Troubles with classical physics Classical physics had many tr