G蛋白及G蛋白偶联受体(来自维基百科整理).docxVIP

G proteins, also known as guanine鸟嘌呤 nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. When they are bound to GTP, they are on, and, when they are bound to GDP, they are off. G proteins belong to the larger group of enzymes called GTPases.G proteins located within the cell are activated byG protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)G蛋白偶联受体 that span the cell membrane.The human genome encodes roughly 800 G protein-coupled receptors（Approximately 150 of the GPCRs found in the human genome have still-unknown functions.）which detect signals, e.g., light and olfactory嗅觉 stimulatory molecules; adenosine腺苷, bombesin, bradykinin, endothelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), melanocortins, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, opsins, somatostatin, GH, tachykinins, members of the vasoactive intestinal peptide family, and vasopressin; biogenic amines (e.g., dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, histamine, glutamate (metabotropic effect), glucagon, acetylcholine (muscarinic effect), and serotonin); chemokines; lipid mediators of inflammation (e.g., prostaglandins, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and leukotrienes); and peptide hormones (e.g., calcitonin, C5a anaphylatoxin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), neurokinin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), cannabinoids, and oxytocin.Signaling molecules bind to a domain of the GPCR located outside the cell, and an intracellular GPCR domain then in turn activates a particular G protein. G proteins can regulate metabolic enzymes, ion channels, transporter proteins, and other parts of the cell machinery, controlling transcription, motility, contractility, and secretion, which in turn regulate diverse systemic functions such as embryonic development, learning and memory, and homeostasis.G protein can refer to two distinct fami