PREREQUISITES FOR HYDROCARBON （先决条件烃）.pdf

MODULE 1 1.0 PREREQUISITES FOR HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATION The accumulation of hydrocarbons and formation of oil or gas deposit involve certain prerequisites. These are the following: 1. Source Rock 2. Reservoir Rock 3. Trap 4. Seal 5. Timing 6. Migration Not all petroleum discoveries, however, are commercial or economic – that is they can all be developed and produced at a profit. Additional geological requirements for a petroleum deposit to be economic are: 1. Sufficient volume of accumulated hydrocarbon – in-place reserves 2. Producibility – recoverable reserves a. adequate reservoir drive b. concentration c. oil quality (e.g., API gravity or viscosity) 3. Preservation of the petroleum deposit, that is freedom from: a. flushing b. biodegradation c. diffusion d. overcooking Non-geological factors affecting profitability of a petroleum discovery are: • Cost of development and production • Price of oil/gas • Fiscal terms 1.1 Source Rock 1.1.1 Definitions: Source Rock -- Sedimentary rock containing organic material, which under heat, time, and pressure was transformed to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. Source rock is usually shale or limestone. Some explorationists use a stricter definition -- that is requiring sufficient hydrocarbon generation and migration from the rock unit to form commercial accumulation(s) of oil and/or gas for it to be consid