chapter 11 领导 - 国立暨南国际大学教职员工个人 .pptVIP

領導攸關組織的盛衰 領導的本質 定義：領導是一種「領導者」影響「追隨者」的歷程，在此歷程中，追隨者瞭解什麼該做以及如何去做，領導者藉此提升個人與團體的努力，進而達成共享的目標 領導與管理：一般而言，管理者乃指那些把事情做對的人(efficiency)，而領導者更是那些做「對的事情」的人(effectiveness) Power: The Key to Leadership Legitimate Power The authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in the firm. Example: the power to hire or fire employees. Reward Power The ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards. Example: awarding pay raises or providing verbal praise for good performance. Effective managers use reward power to signal to employees that they are doing a good job. Power: The Key to Leadership (cont’d) Coercive Power The ability of a manager to punish others. Examples: verbal reprimand, pay cut, and dismissal. Is limited in effectiveness and application; can have serious negative side effects. Expert Power Power that is based on special knowledge, skills, and expertise that the leader possesses. First-line and middle managers have the most expert power; usually is technical ability. Power: The Key to Leadership (cont’d) Referent Power Power that comes from subordinates’ and coworkers’ respect for the personal characteristics of a leader who has earned their loyalty and admiration. Usually held by and available for use by likable managers who are concerned about their workers. 西方領導理論 特質理論 (trait theory) 行為理論 (behavior theory) 權變理論 (contingency theory) 整合理論與跨文化研究(integrative theory cross-cultural research) 特質理論 有系統地去觀察領導者的「身體特性」 、「性格」及「能力」特性，來瞭解領導的本質。 Stogdill: 智力、支配性、自信、精力及工作知識等5種性格特質在大部分研究中都與領導有密切相關，但以特質解釋或預測領導效能的正確性並不高。(相關係數不高) Other traits related to effective leadership Skills of leadership Katz: conceptual/ interpersonal relationship/ technical abilities Yukl: creativity/organizing/persuasion/ interpersonal social relationship 行為理論 將有效領導(effective leadership)的焦點轉移到領導者所經常「表現」的行為上，並嘗試找出抽象但是可以描述的行為特性 俄亥俄州立大學的領導研究 主動結構(initiating) 特徵是指導成員從事特定任務、期望工作維持一定水準以及強調達到工作期限的要求 體恤(consideration) 特徵是注重與部屬的關係、尊重部屬意見及關心部屬福利 密西根大學的領導研究 生產導向(production ori