国外社会科学统计课件14.ANOVA1.pptVIP

Statistics for the Social Sciences Psychology 340 Fall 2006 Outline Brief review of last time ANOVA Post-hoc and planned comparisons Effect sizes in ANOVA ANOVA in SPSS Example Effect of knowledge of prior behavior on jury decisions Dependent variable: rate how innocent/guilty Independent variable: 3 levels Criminal record Clean record No information (no mention of a record) Analysis of Variance Need a measure that describes several difference scores Variance Variance is essentially an average squared difference Testing Hypotheses with ANOVA Testing Hypotheses with ANOVA Null hypothesis: H0: all the groups are equal 1 factor ANOVA Why do the ANOVA? What’s the big deal? Why not just run a bunch of t-tests instead of doing an ANOVA? Experiment-wise error The type I error rate of the family (the entire set) of comparisons ?EW = 1 - (1 - ?)c where c = # of comparisons e.g., If you conduct two t-tests, each with an alpha level of 0.05, the combined chance of making a type I error is nearly 10 in 100 (rather than 5 in 100) Planned comparisons and post hoc tests are procedures designed to reduce experiment-wise error Which follow-up test? Planned comparisons A set of specific comparisons that you “planned” to do in advance of conducting the overall ANOVA General rule of thumb, don’t exceed the number of conditions that you have (or even stick with one fewer) Post-hoc tests A set of comparisons that you decided to examine only after you find a significant (reject H0) ANOVA Planned Comparisons Different types Simple comparisons - testing two groups Complex comparisons - testing combined groups Bonferroni procedure (Dunn’s test) Use more stringent significance level for each comparison Basic procedure: Within-groups population variance estimate (denominator) Between-groups population variance estimate of the two groups of interest (numerator) Figure F in usual way Post-hoc tests Generally, you are testing all of the possible comparisons (rather than just a specific few