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国际贸易ch6.ppt
Chapter 6 New International Trade Theory 6.1 H-O Model and New Trade Theory 6.2 Economies of Scale and International Trade 6.3 Imperfect competition and International trade 6.4 Trade Based on Dynamic Technology Differences 6.1 H-O Model and New Trade Theories Relaxing assumptions of H-O model and NTT. 1. There are two nations (Nation 1 and Nation 2), two commodities (commodity X and commodity Y), and two factors of production (labor and capital). 2. Both nations use the same technology in production. ——Technology gap and product cycle model 6.1 H-O Model and New Trade Theories 3. Commodity X is labor intensive and commodity Y is capital intensive in both nations. ——no factor-intensity reversal 4. Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations.——Economies of scale and international trade 5. There is incomplete specialization in production in both nations. 6.1 H-O Model and New Trade Theories 6. Tastes are equal in both nations. 7. There is perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets in both nations. ——The theory of intra-industry trade 8. There is perfect factor mobility within each nation but no international factor mobility. ——Validity 6.1 H-O Model and New Trade Theories 9. There are no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to the free flow of international trade. ——only modify H-O theory 10. All resources are fully employed in both nations. 11. International trade between the two nations is balanced 6.2 Economies of Scale and International Trade Increasing returns to scale refers to the production situation where output grows proportionately more than the increase in inputs or factors of production. That is, if all inputs are doubled, output is more than doubled. 6.3 Imperfect Competition and International Trade 6.3.1 Trade Based on Product Differentiation A large portion of the output of modern economies involves differentiated rather than homogeneous products. As a result, a great de
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