中国铁路隧道技术发展（Technical development of railway tunnel in China）.doc

中国铁路隧道技术发展（Technical development of railway tunnel in China） China railway tunnel technology development China is a vast and mountainous country, with more than two-thirds of its mountainous area, high plateau and mountains, mountains and mountains, rivers and rivers. For the development of railway construction, a lot of tunnels need to be built, and many long tunnels and long tunnels will be built, so the construction of railway tunnels is extremely difficult and complicated Tunnel construction technology is a comprehensive technology which covers a wide range of specialties and intersections. For more than a century, the development of China railway tunnel construction technology can be divided into three periods: Before the founding of the Peoples Republic of China (1888-1949), the Peoples Republic of China (1888-1949) was basically a period of human excavation, manual operation, simple machine, and backward technology. At that time, the railway tunnel construction had no fixed professional technical team, no complete design, construction specification, equipment and equipment was small, the method was simple, the labor intensity was large, the efficiency was very low. The length of the tunnel over 3km is only three. 2. In the 1950s and 1970s, the railway developed rapidly and the construction of tunnels was mainly transferred to middle and small machinery, which was a period of great development of tunnel design and construction technology. Starting in the 50 s, attaches great importance to the tunnel construction of professional team to form the ministry of railways, and gradually develop the railway tunnel survey design, construction specification and tunnel structure gauge standard, compiled some tunnel construction standard design. In this paper, the measurement design of plane control measurement is made, and the calculation formula of the penetration error is proposed. The measurement method is based on the triangulation and traverse method of two baseline