高中化学知识点1（High school chemistry knowledge 1）.doc

高中化学知识点1（High school chemistry knowledge 1） organic These are the basic chemical properties of hydroxyl groups. 1. Halogenated hydrocarbon groups: halogen atom Hydrolysis in alkali solution, alcohol production Elimination in the alcohol solution of alkali, obtain unsaturated hydrocarbon 2. Alcohol: alcohol hydroxyl functional groups. With the reaction of sodium hydrogen Can get the elimination of unsaturated hydrocarbons (carbon and hydroxyl connected directly connected carbon atoms without hydrogen atoms, not elimination) Can the esterification reaction with carboxylic acid Can be oxidized into aldehyde (oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, alcohols oxidation to ketone, tertiary alcohols are catalytic oxidation) 1. reacting with active metal such as R-OH+Na---RONa+H2 2. with halogen hydrocarbon reaction such as R-OH+HX---RX+H2O 3. reaction with inorganic acid R-OH+H2SO4---R-O-SO2OH+H2O 4 in the condition of 170 degree dehydration reaction of concentrated sulfuric acid H-CH2-CH2-OH----CH2=CH2+H2O Oxidation and dehydrogenation. 3. Aldehyde aldehyde functional groups. Silver mirror reaction can occur with silver ammonia solution Can the new system of copper hydroxide solution reaction and generate red precipitate Can be oxidized to carboxylic acid Can be reduced by adding hydrogen into alcohol 4. Phenol and phenolic hydroxyl groups. With acid To get the reaction of sodium hydrogen The properties of phenolic hydroxyl benzene more lively, easy to occur on the benzene ring substituted phenolic hydroxyl is ortho para directing group on the benzene ring. Can be esterified with a carboxylic acid 5. Carboxylic acid, carboxylic functional groups. With acid (generally stronger than carbonic acid) With the reaction of sodium hydrogen Can not be reduced to aldehydes (note that it is no) Can be esterified with alcohol 6. Ester, ester groups. -CHO can occur the silver mirror reaction Can be hydrolyzed in acid and alcohol Summed up the college entrance examination chemistry knowledg