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Chapter NONUNIFORM FLOW leanhtuan(非均匀流leanhtuan章)
OPEN CHANNEL HYDRAULICS FOR ENGINEERS
Chapter NON-UNIFORM FLOW
_________________________________________________________________________
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Gradually-varied steady flow
4.3. Types of water surface profiles
4.4. Drawing water surface profiles
_________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Linking up with Chapter 2, dealing with uniform flow in open channels, it may be noted
that any change in the flow phenomenon (i.e. flow rate, velocity, flow depth, flow area,
bed slope do not remain constant) causes the flow to be non-uniform. This chapter will
discuss the effect of change in any one of the above quantities, including specific energy,
critical depth and slope, and flow typ es. How to draw water surface profiles will also be
introduced.
Key words
Non-uniform; specific energy; critical; gradually-varied steady flow; water surface profiles
_________________________________________________________________________
4.1. INTRODUCTION
4.1.1. General
In the previous Chapter 2, the flow was uniform under all circumstances under
consideration. In many situations the flow in an open channel is not of uniform depth along
the channel. In this chapter the flow conditions studied relate to steady, but non-uniform,
flow. This type of flow is created by, among other things, the following maj or causes:
Changes in the channel cross-section.
Changes in the channel slope.
Certain obstructions, such as dams or gates, in the stream ís path.
Changes in the discharge ñ such as in a river, where tributaries enter the main
stream.
A non-unif ormf low is characterized by a varied depth and a varied mean flow velocity:
V h
0 or 0 (4-
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