Deformation, Stress, and Conservation Laws（变形、应力和守恒定律）.pdf

Copyrighted Material 1 Deformation, Stress, and Conservation Laws In this chapter, we will develop a mathematical description of deformation. Our focus is on relating deformation to quantities that can be measured in the field, such as the change in distance between two points, the change in orientation of a line, or the change in volume of a borehole strain sensor. We will also review the Cauchy stress tensor and the conservation laws that generalize conservation of mass and momentum to continuous media. Last, we will consider constitutive equations that relate the stresses acting on a material element to the resultant strains and/or rates of strain. This necessarily abbreviated review of continuum mechanics borrows from a number of excellent textbooks on the subject to which the reader is referred for more detail (references are given at the end of the chapter). If all the points that make up a body (say, a tectonic plate) move together without a change in the shape of the body, we will refer to this as rigid body motion. On the other hand, if the shape of the body changes, we will refer to this as deformation. To differentiate between deformation and rigid body motion, we will consider the relative motion of neighboring points. To make this mathematically precise, we will consider the displacement u of a point at x relative to an arbitrary origin x0 (figure 1.1). Note that vector u appears in boldface, whereas the components of the vector ui do not. Taking the first two terms in a Taylor’s series expansion about x0 , ∂ui