DESIGN OF PILES AND PILE GROUPS （设计桩和桩组）.pdf

DESIGN OF PILES AND PILE GROUPS CONSIDERING CAPACITY, SETTLEMENT, AND NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION Bengt H. Fellenius, Dr.Tech., P.Eng. Background Notes for Demo Example for UniPile at Updated 1999 Introduction Current practice for pile design varies and building codes differ between countries as well as within countries, indeed, even between individual engineering disciplines. The differences do not become apparent until the designer includes the effect of dragload and settlements: In reference to the structural strength of the pile, many do realize that the maximum load in a pile is the sum of dead load and dragload; live load does not add to the maximum load. Others, however, will consider the dragload as just another load and lump it in with the dead and live loads. In reference to the bearing capacity, some will even determine the factor of safety as the pile bearing capacity divided by the sum of the dead and live loads and the dragload! Or worse, as really has occurred by some twisted logic, first subtract the dragload from the bearing capacity and then divide the balance by the sum of the dead and live loads and the dragload. The correct approach is that the dragload is not to be included in the calculation factor of safety on bearing capacity. The factor of safety is simply the bearing capacity divided by the dead and live loads. Actually, the larger the dragload the stiffer the pile and the safer the design (provided the structural strength is sufficient). Settlement calculations are rarely performed when designing a ordinary pile group. When it is, the methods of calculation range from those using simple