心理学专业外语Thefreewillvsdeterminismdebateinpsychology.docxVIP

The freewill vs.determinism debate in psychology心理学自由意志与决定论之争Freewill-assumptions自由意志-研究假设The freewill approach assumes that humans are free to choose their behaviour, that they are essentially self-determining.自由意志的研究方法假设人类可以自由地选择他们的行为，人们在本质上是自我决定的。Freewill does not mean that behaviour is uncaused in the sense of being completely random, but assumes that influences (biological or environmental) can be rejected at will.自由意志并不是说行为不是感官完全随意引起的，而是假设影响（生物学的或者环境的）可以按照意愿被拒绝。Soft determinism(william James,1890)suggests that freewill is not freedom from causation,but freedom from coercion and constraint-if our actions are voluntary and in line with our conscious desired goals then they are free.软决定论（威廉·詹姆斯，1890）指出自由意志在因果关系上并不自由，而是高压统治下强制性的自由-如果我们的行为是自愿的并且与我们的意识所期望的目标一致，那么它们是自由的。Determinism-assumptions决定论-研究假设The determinism approach assumes that every physical event is caused, and, since human behaviour is a physical event, it follows that it too is caused by preceding factors.决定论的研究方法假设所有的物理事件都是有原因，因此，既然人类的行为是物理事件，那么人类的行为也是有前因的。If all events are caused and perfect knowledge is gained of the current state of the universe, it follows that future events are entirely predictable.如果所有的事件都是有原因的并且完备的知识是由世界的当前状态获得的，那么未来的事件是完全可以预言的。 Determinism, with its emphasis on causal laws is, therefore, the basis of science, which aims to reveal those laws to provide prediction and control of the future.决定论，重点在因果法则上，因此，科学的基础旨在揭示那些法则，用来提供预言和控制未来。Freewill-examples in psychology自由意志-心理学范例Humanistic psychology, proposed by the likes of Rogers and Maslow, is the strongest advocate of human freewill, arguing that we are able to direct our lives towards self-chosen goals. 罗杰斯和马斯洛（人类自由意志的最强倡导者）所提倡的人本主义心理学，认为我们能够使我们的生活朝着自己选择的目标发展。The emphasis on freewill is most apparent in humanistic based therapies, where the terms client and facilitator are used to indicate the voluntary nature of the situation, and the idea that through insight. Humanistic therapies are usually non directive.立足于人本主义的疗法最强调自由意志，其中来访