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Pump ED 101(泵ED 101)
Pump ED 101
Cavitation - - A Largely Misunderstood Phenomenon
Joe Evans, Ph.D
The vapor bubbles that form in a pot of boiling water will eventually rise to the surface
and burst. The energy release (explosion) that occurs upon burst is quite small. But
when that same bubble forms in the vanes of an impeller and begins its outward
migration, an extremely powerful force can be released.
Cavitation (from cavity) is defined as the rapid formation and collapse of vapor bubbles
or pockets in a liquid, due to dynamic action, and resulting in the formation of cavities
on the surfaces of solid boundaries. These solid boundaries can exist in any number of
structures including hydrofoils, pipes, and fittings but, in our industry, the primary
victims are impellers and propellers. Cavitation was first explained in 1917 by the
English physicist, Lord Rayleigh, as he was studying a mysterious metal erosion on ship
propellers. Although its effects upon the surfaces of an impeller have been witnessed
by many of us in the pump industry cavitation, itself, remains a largely misunderstood
phenomenon. Actually, this is not too surprising when one considers the complex
physical behavior of the relatively, simple water molecule and the dynamic forces it
encounters within the centrifugal pump.
The physics and thermodynamics of water vapor bubble formation are quite complex
but well understood. The complexities of cavitation have also been well researched and
a wealth of data on its causes and effects exist in both printed and on‐line literature.
Unfortunately most of the articles on cavitation that I have read tend to circumvent
what I call the “intuitive approach” to its understanding. The good ones are typically
too academic and mathematically complex for the majority of us and, the “not so go
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