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An Introduction to Topology The Classification (介绍拓扑分类)
An Introduction to Topology
An Introduction to Topology
The Classification theorem for Surfaces
By E . C. Zeeman
Introduction .
The classification theorem is a beautiful example of geometric topology. Although it was
discovered in the last century*, yet it manages to convey the spirit of present day research. The
proof that we give here is elementary, and its is hoped more intuitive than that found in most
textbooks, but in none the less rigorous. It is designed for readers who have never done any
topology before. It is the sort of mathematics that could be taught in schools both to foster
geometric intuition, and to counteract the present day alarming tendency to drop geometry. It is
profound, and yet preserves a sense of fun. In Appendix 1 we explain how a deeper result can be
proved if one has available the more sophisticated tools of analytic topology and algebraic topology.
Examples .
Before starting the theorem let us look at a few examples of surfaces. In any branch of mathematics
it is always a good thing to start with examples, because they are the source of our intuition. All the
following pictures are of surfaces in 3-dimensions. In example 1 by the word “sphere” we mean
just the surface of the sphere, and not the inside. In fact in all the examples we mean just the
surface and not the solid inside.
1. Sphere. 2. Torus (or inner tube).
3. Knotted torus. 4. Sphere with knotted torus bored through it.
* Zeeman wrote this article in the mid-twentieth century.
1
An Introduction to Topology
5. Pretzel.
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