Chapter 11 Abstract Classes Interfaces（第十一章抽象类和接口）.pdf

11-1 Java Au Naturel by William C. Jones 11-1 11 Abstract Classes And Interfaces Overview This chapter presents some additional standard library classes from the java.lang package and an extended example illustrating polymorphism. You would help to study Sections 10.1-10.3 (Exceptions and the elements of input files) before reading this chapter. Arrays are used heavily starting in Section 11.7. Section 11.1 introduces a new software design problem, the Numeric class. Sections 11.2-11.4 define and illustrate all of the new language features for this chapter: abstract classes, interfaces, instanceof operator, final methods, and final classes. They also describe the standard wrapper classes Integer, Double, Long, etc. This is as far as you need to go to understand all remaining chapters. Sections 11.5-11.8 develop three different subclasses of the Numeric superclass and a class of objects representing arrays of Numeric values. Sections 11.9-11.11 are enrichment topics: a concept from theoretical computability, an elementary introduction to the use of threads, and some details on the Math and Character classes from the Sun standard library. 11.1 Analysis And Design Of The Mathematicians Software You are hired by a think-tank of mathematicians to write software that they will use in their work. When you discuss with them the kinds of software they need, you find that they work with various kinds of numbers that the Java language does not have. One kind of number they work with is fractional -- one whole number divided by another. A fraction such as 1/3 cannot be represented exactly using a double value. For some software situations, these mathematicians want the answer calculated as a fraction reduced to lowest terms, not as a decimal number approximation. Another category of numbers that Java does not provide is complex num