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Cryogenics and Ultra Low Temperatures EOLSS(低温和超低温度EOLSS)
PHYSICAL METHODS, INSTRUMENTS AND MEASUREMENTS – Vol. III - Cryogenics and Ultra Low Temperatures - Yuriy
M. Bunkov
CRYOGENICS AND ULTRA LOW TEMPERATURES
Yuriy M. Bunkov
Centre de Recherches sur les Tres Basses Temperatures (CRTBT), Grenoble, France
Keywords: absolute (Kelvin) temperature scale, absolute zero of temperature, adiabatic
demagnetization, negative temperature, cryogenics, dilution refrigeration, Joule–
Thomson effect, Pomeranchuk effect, superconductivity, superconductivity, superfluid
4He (He-II), superfluid 3He, low temperature physics, ultra low temperature physics,
vortex line
Contents
1. Introduction S
2. Temperature Scales S
3. History S
4. The Methods of Refrigeration L R
4.1. Evaporation Cryostats
4.1.1. 3He Evaporation Cryostat O E
4.2. Dilution Refrigeration T
4.3 Pomeranchuk Cooling E
4.4. Adiabatic Demagnetization P
5. Physics at Lower Temperatures
–
5.1 Low Temperatures Physics and Cosmology
A
6. Applications O H
Glossary
Bibliography C C
Biographical Sketch S
Summary E E
L
This article describes the scientific and technical aspects of low and ultra low
N
temperatures. The article includes the historical background, explanation of temperature
P
scales, description of different cooling methods, and the modern problems of ultra low
U
temperature physics as well low temperature applications.
M
A
1. Introduction
S
Cryogenics is the technical discipline which studies and uses materi
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