英语构词讲座课件.pptVIP

Word Formation 主讲：周树军 Word structure Stem Derivational stem Non- Derivational stem Root Affix Prefix Infix Suffix Types of morphemes 自由语素=自由词根语素=词根词 语素 黏着词根语素 黏着语素 屈折词缀 词缀 前缀 派生词缀 后缀 Bound morphemes Root A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word. Geo · ology (root + root) Tele · vision (root + free morpheme) Affixes Inflectional affixes (morphemes) manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form (stem) to create a word. Inflectional affixes -(e)s: plurality of nouns; third person singular, present tense. -(e)d: past tense for all three persons -ing: progressive aspect -er: comparative degree of adj. and adv. -est: superlative degree of adj. and adv. -’s: the possessive case of nouns Derivational affixes Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. (except be-, en-, em-) Suffixes are added to the end of stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. Principal ways of word-formation Compounding Derivation Conversion Abbreviation Compounding Compounding is a popular and important way of forming new words in English by combining two free morphemes. Types of compound words noun compounds: armchair; pickpocket; bluebird verb compounds: manhandle; sleepwalk; dry-clean adjective compounds: color-blind; stir-crazy; dark-blue Features Orthographical: armchair; follow-up; thunder bird Syntactic: icy-cold; head-strong; greenhouse; crackdown; facelift Semantic: blackleg; red coat; hotdog Phonetic: