最基本原理（The most basic principle）.docVIP

最基本原理（The most basic principle） Underwater acoustic equipment Underwater acoustic equipment is based on sound waves can be in the water at a certain speed (sea water 1500 meters / second, fresh water 1400 meters / sec) to spread a long distance, but also encountered after the propagation of the target will reflect the principle of work. The most common underwater acoustic navigation and communication equipment are: echo side depth instrument, sonar and other types. Sonar is one of the indispensable electronic equipments in modern large surface ships and submarines. The main functions of sonar are to search and track underwater targets (submarines, Shui Lei), to identify targets, and to determine the moving elements of underwater targets for the purpose of shooting command of anti submarine weapons. Secondly, underwater communication, detection of mines, detection of underwater conditions to ensure the safe navigation of the ship. The submarine is the biggest characteristic of it is hidden, the combat needs long time submerged in the water, which decides it cannot use radar observation surfaced, but can only rely on sonar detection, so the importance of sonar in submarine is more outstanding, known as the spy submarine. Sonar works the same way as radar. It can be said to work on an audio or ultra audio frequency radar. The various components of a sonar station are very similar to those of a radar station. Because sonar works in an ultra audio frequency range, the method of radiating signals is different from radar. The radar uses a parabolic reflector made of metal, while sonar uses an underwater acoustic transducer. An aquatic transducer uses crystals (quartz or potassium tartrate), piezoelectric ceramics (barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate), piezoelectric effects, or magnetostrictive effects of iron nickel alloys. The so-called piezoelectric effect is to cut the crystal in a certain direction and apply pressure on the wafer to produce positive and negativ