生物学导论biology12.ppt

Chap.12. Natural Selection and Evolution Contents 12.1 The role of natural selection in evolution 12.2 What influence natural selection 12.3 Common misunderstandings about natural selection 12.4 Processes that drive natural selection 12.5 Gene-frequency studies and Hardy-weinberg equilibrium (self-learning) 12.6 A summary of the causes of evolutionary change Key terms Acquired characteristics 获得性特征 Evolution 进化 Expressivity 表现度 Fitness 适合度 Genetic drift 遗传漂移 Genetic recombination 基因重组 Natural selection 自然选择 Penetrance 外显率 Selection agent 选择因素 Spontaneous mutation 自发突变 Theory of natural selection 自然选择学说 12.1 The role of natural selection in evolution Cultural meaning of evolution is progressive change. Evolution 进化 is the continuous genetic adaptation of a population of organisms to its environment over time Only populations can involve in evolution Three factors To determine how a species changes over time: Environmental factors that affect organisms Sexual reproduction among the individuals in the gene pool The generation of genetic variety 遗传差异within gene pool Natural selection Natural selection refers to various mechanisms that encourage the passage of beneficial genes to future generations and discourage harmful or less valuable genes from being passed to future generations The theory of natural selection Was first proposed by Charles Darwin in ‘On the origin of species’，1859 The natural selection Theory of evolution 进化论 states that populations of organisms become genetically adapted to their surroundings over time. Natural selection is the process that brings about evolution by “selecting” which genes will be passed to the next generation. Darwin’s theory of natural selection More individuals are born than can survive to reproduce. Individuals vary in most traits Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce Variation is at least partly heritable Finches 雀类 from the Galápagos Islands Survival for the fittest Fitness 适合度 is the c