第7章++种内和种间关系.ppt

第七章 种内与种间关系;形形色色的 种内与种间关系;种内个体间或物种间的相互作用可根据相互作用的机制 和影响来分类。 ;表7－1 种内个体间与物种间相互关系的分类 ;表7－2 根据影响结果对种间相互作用进行的分类 ;7．1 种内关系 ;Territorial reef fish such as three spot damselfish and the two blennies shown in this photo compete intensely for space. ;7．1．1 密度效应 ;7．1．1 密度效应 ;Population density, soil nitrogen, and the size attained by the grass Sorghastrum nutans (data from Tilman and Cowan 1989). ;最后产量衡值法则;W表示植物个体平均重量；d为密度； Y为单位面积产量；Ki是一常数。 ;－3／2自疏法则 ;Self-thinning in plant populations (data from Westoby 1984). ;图7－2 植物密度与大小之间的关系，表明－2／3自疏法则(仿李博等,2000) ;Self-thinning in populations of alfalfa, Medicago sativa (data from White and Harper 1970). ;Self-thinning in the rye grass;Regression lines from self-thinning curves for 31 stands of different species of plants;Population density and planthopper performance (data from Denno and Roderick 1992). ;7．1．2 性别生态学 ;7．1．2．1 两性细胞结合与有性繁殖;Bluehead wrasse males with yellow females of the species. ;图7－3 无性生殖(a)和有性生殖(b)的遗传结果(仿Mackenzie等，1998) ;图7－4 长镰管蚜的生活周期(仿Mackenzie等,1998) ;;Summary of greenhouse experimental design and results (information from Endler 1980). ;Results of greenhouse experiment, which exposed populations of guppies to no predation, low predation (killifish), and high predation (pike cichlid) environments (data from Endler 1980).;Results of field experiment involving transfer of guppies from high predation site to site with killifish, a fairly ineffective predator (data from Endler 1980). ;Relative reproductive success by attractive versus unattractive and dominant versus subordinate male guppies (data from Kodric-Brown 1993). ;7．1．2．2 性比 ;图7－5 灵长类出生时性比与雌性竞争的关系(仿Mackenzie等,1998) ;7．1．2．3 性选择 ;图7－6 蜂鸟(Spathura underwoodi)的性二型现象(仿Mackemie等,1998) ;屈吉另驻魔岿析日火考幕潞邵巩韭盅像瞳房获渤壹斗揭把茫粳芳磨马骑拾第7章++种内和种间关系第7章++种内和种间关系;Experimental test of the influence of nuptial offerings on mating success by male scorpionflies (information from Thornhill 1981). ;糊湘钻简控炭铝坞呛戈帐你竣谱囤肾僚器船将芜颅袋堂退钝翱奠搂君烘碎第7章++种内和种间关系第7章++种内和种间关系;7．1．2．4 植物的性别系统 ;朱缨物怂摘昂酌热汲唁垄