机械工程英语第十四单元[40P][238KB].pdf

Unit14 Limits and Tolerances Dimensioning 标注尺寸 The design of a machine includes many factors other than those of determining the loads and stresses and selecting the proper materials. 机械设计除了计算载荷和应力、选择合适的 材料外，还包括许多其它因素。  Before construction or manufacture can begin, it is necessary to have complete assembly and detail drawings to convey all necessary information to the shop men. The designer frequently is called upon to check the drawings before they are sent to the shop. Much experience and familiarity with manufacturing processes are needed before one can become conversant with all phases of production drawings.  在建造或制造开始前，完成装配图和零件图以把 必要信息传达给车间工人是必须的。在送往车间 前设计者常常被召集来检查图纸。而在精通生产 图纸的所有情况之前，需要有许多经验并熟悉制 造工艺。  Tolerances must be placed on the dimensions of a drawing to limit the permissible variations in size because it is impossible to manufacture a part exactly to a given dimension.  由于要把零件加工到正好为给定尺寸是 不可能的，因此图纸的尺寸必须加上公差 以限制其可允许的变化。 Although small tolerances give higher quality work and a better operating mechanism, the cost of manufacture increases rapidly as the tolerances are reduced, as indicated by the typical curve of Fig14.1. It is therefore important that the tolerances be specified at the largest values that the operating or functional considerations permit.  虽然较小公差能得到较高加工质量和较好操作机 构，但随着公差的减小制造成本会迅速增加，如 图14.1的典型曲线所示。因此公差被定为从操作 或功能考虑允许的最大值是重要的。  Tolerances may be either unilateral or bilateral. In unilateral dimensioning, one tolerance is zero, and all the variations are given by the other tolerance. In bilateral dimensioning, a mean dimension is used which extends to the midpoint of the tolerance zone with equal plus and minus variations extending each way from this dimension.  公差既可以是单向的也可以是双向的。 单向标注有一公差为零，所有变化都由另 一公差给定。而双向标注则采用一平均尺 寸，它将公差带中点从该尺寸