语法专题知识和练习.docVIP

(七) 非谓语动词 1. 概念和功能：做非谓语成分(主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾补)的动词形式，包括-ing分词，不定式和-ed分词。 2. 非谓语动词使用条件：一个简单句里只能有一个谓语动词，是主要动作；如果还需要用动词，则只能用非谓语动词作其它成分，表示次要动作 (如果一个句子里面有两个或两个以上的谓语动词，必定各自有自己的主语，每一套主谓结构实际就是一个小简单句，每两个小简单句之间应该有连词来表达它们之间的逻辑关系，这样的大句子就不是简单句，而是复杂句了）。 3. 各种非谓语动词的形式和含义： 1) 不定式： (1) to do: A. 意义：多表后时，后于主要动作（一般为谓语动作）发生；少数动词表示和主要动作相比是一个常态或者经常发生或者是一个泛指动作；多表示主动关系，少数表示和相关名词或代词有动宾关系 B. 句法功能：可作除谓语之外的任何成分（主，宾，表，定，状，宾补） C. 例句： To be a teacher is my dream. (主) I don’t want to drink.(宾) Her intention is to advocate foreign language study.(表) I am advertising for a young woman to look after my baby.(定，主动关系) She has nobody to talk with.(定，动宾关系) She worked day and night to work out a solution.(状) Parents expect their children to succeed.(宾补) (2) to be done: A. 意义：时间关系同to do；表示被动关系 B. 句法功能：同to do. C. 例句: It’s nothing funny to be called a liar..(主,泛指动作)I don’t want to be made to eat dog food.(宾)My dream is to be accepted by Oxford University.(表)The meeting to be held is about environmental protection. (定)To be protected by the police, she has to report to them about her situation. （状） The children wanted their efforts to be appreciated.(宾补 ) (3) to be doing / to have done / to have been done / to have been doing: A. 意义：与主要动作完全同时（正在进行）；主动关系/先于主要动作发生；主动关系/先于主要动作发生；被动关系/在主要动作之前开始一直延续到主要动作或者在主要动作之前某一点时刻正在发生；主动关系 B. 句法功能： 这四种形式的不定式一般只和固定搭配中使用，如：seem/appear/pretend/be likely/be said/bethought/be considered/ be reported/be believed /be supposed / turn out /mean/intend等+不定式 C. 例句：They pretended to be fighting when the police passed by. = They pretended that they were fighting… They are said to have cloned animals before. = It’s said that they have cloned… She is likely to have been trained as a zoo keeper. = It’s likely that she was trained as a zoo keeper. She is reported to have been working on the plan these days. = It’s reported that she has been working on… 2) –ing分词 (1) doing A. 意义：与主要动作相比是同时关系，有时候表示是一个泛指动作；主动关系（表示泛指动作时是动作发出者是泛指的任何人） B. 句法功能： 可作除谓语之外的任何成分（主，宾，表，定，状，宾补） C. 例句：Praising children can