人类的古老文明被历史遗忘的十个文明古国分析.docx

人类的古老文明:被历史遗忘的十个文明古国Much?like?Isaac?Newton?imagined?when?he?gave?hisfamous?“shoulders?of?giants”?quote,?our?moderncivilizations?owe?a?great?deal?to?those?which?camebefore?us.?While?examples?like?the?Sumerians?orEgyptians?are?deeply?ingrained?in?nearly?everyone’sminds,?there?are?a?number?of?other?civilizations?whichhave?been?largely?forgotten.?Here?are?10?of?them.正如艾萨克·牛顿在提出其“巨人的肩膀”名言时所设想的一样，我们的现代文明也从先前的诸文明中获益良多。虽然诸如苏美尔或者埃及文明的例子已经深入人心，但仍有为数不少的文明基本上是被忘却了的。这里列举10个如下。Photo?credit:?Bhushan?Kotakar图片引自：?Bhushan?Kotakar10、Hattian?Civilization赫蒂文明The?Hattians?were?a?civilization?which?inhabited?the?area?of?present-day?Anatolia,?Turkey?fromthe?26th?century?to?around?the?18th?century?B.C.?Believed?to?be?the?earliest?urban?settlers?ofthe?area,?their?existence?can?be?traced?to?24th-century?Akkadian?cuneiform?tablets.?Mostarchaeologists?believe?that?they?were?indigenous?to?the?area?preceding?the?more?famous?Hittitecivilization,?which?arrived?in?the?23rd?century?B.C.?The?two?cultures?slowly?merged?together,?withthe?Hittites?adopting?a?variety?of?Hatti?religious?beliefs?and?practices.?Many?of?the?largest?Hittitesettlements,?such?as?Alaca?Hoyuk?and?Hattusa,?are?believed?to?have?originally?been?Hattian.赫蒂文明位于今土耳其安纳托利亚地区，存在于公元前26世纪至约18世纪。他们是该地区最早的城市居民，其存在的证据可追溯至公元前24世纪的阿卡德楔形文字石碑中。大多数考古学家认为，赫蒂人比更为闻名的赫梯人更早存在于这一地区，后者于公元前23世纪来到这里。随着赫蒂人采纳了许多来自赫梯的宗教信仰和实践习惯，两大文明慢慢地融合在了一起。赫梯人的许多大型定居点，诸如阿拉卡·郝予克（Alaca?Hoyuk）以及哈兹萨（Hattusa），确信最初曾是赫蒂人的。While?they?had?their?own?spoken?language,?no?evidence?of?a?written?form?of?the?Hatti?languagehas?ever?been?found.?It’s?likely?that?they?were?multilingual,?perhaps?to?facilitate?trade?with?theirAssyrian?partners.?In?fact,?most?of?what?we?know?about?the?Hattians?comes?from?thewidespread?adoption?of?their?culture?by?the?Hittites.?Their?population?probably?existed?as?amajority?for?decades—if?not?centuries—while?they?were?under?the?aristocratic?rule?of?theHittites,?before?they?eventually?faded?away?into?obscurity.虽然他们有自己的口头语言，但并未发现过有关其文字语言的证据。他们有可能是多语言的，或许是为了促进与其亚述（Assy