介词(preposition)讲解分析.ppt

介词(preposition) 王 玲 程辉寰 马毛毛 先来看看目录吧 介词分类 介词的语法功能 介词的位置 介词和介词短语的惯用法难点 休息一下 一、分类(1) 简单名词 　　指由一个单词构成的介词,简单介词也可以有一 　　形容词,副词,名词,连词等转变而来,常用的　　　有:by,after,past,since,opposite,near,with,toward,during,between,besides,against,above,beyond. 　　这些介词有静态和动态之分,或兼有两态.如: 　Across:　表静态(在……的另一边:The villa is 　across the lake.) 　　　　　表动态(从……一边到另一边:A warn is flying across the lake.) 一、分类(2,3) ２．以-ing 结尾的介词 这类介词由现在分词演变而来,常用的有: Excepting,including,regarding,concerning,touching,considering,saving,respecting. ３．合成介词 这类介词由两个单词组成,凝聚力强,连写,已成为独立的单词.常用的有: Into,outside,within,without,throughout,inside,upon,alongside. 一、分类(4) ４．短语介词 　　这类介词是短语性的固定介词搭配,可以是介词加名词,介 　　加介词,介词加分词,介词加动词,介词加形容词,介词加副词.常用的有: 　　　Out of,but for,ahead of,according to,along with,because of,together with,as to,in front of,due to,in vie of,for the sake of,thanks to,except for. Note:短语介词不同于介词短语.短语介词是用作介词的短语,不可独立使用,本身不能作句子成分,后面要跟名词,动名词或介词等;介词短语是由介词加宾语构成的短语,本身可以作句子成分,比如定语,状语等,可独立使用. 一、分类(5) 5.从”从……开始”看英语介词表意的精确性 ”从……开始”无论是”从今天开始”,”从八点钟开始”,”从南京开始”,汉语中只有一个”从”字足矣,但这个”从”字决不可一概译为英语的from.英语中介词的使用非常严格而精确,汉语中的每个词往往要用不同的介词来表述,如 The winter vacation begins from today. The meeting began at eight o’clock. The examination will begin on Monday. He began his career by doing odd jobs. 二、介词的语法功能 介词与其他词类或成分结合后方能在句子中充当语法成分,构成介词短语.介词短语可以作定语,状语,表语,宾语补足语,另一介词的宾语,间或作主语等.如 He rented a flat with views over the river.(定语) He is a man of integrity.(定语). Her eyes were tired from long reading.(状语) In all probability,he will decline your invitation.(状语) The decision is of great importance to me.(表语) They found the machine in a bad state.(宾语补足语) The dog ran out towards the criminal.(介词宾语) Between five or six chairs will be enough for them.(主语) 三、介词的位置 A .介词通常位于名词或代词之前。然而，以下两个结构中的介词在非正式英语中有可能会移到句末： 　1． 以介词+whom／which／what／whose／where开头的疑问句： 　　To whom were you talking？（正式的） 　　Who were you talking to？（非正式的） 　　过去常常认为以介词结尾的句子是不合乎语法要求的，但是现在它已被接受为一种口语形式。 　2 ．同样，在关系从句中位于whom／which之前的介词也可移到从句之末，此时关系代词常被省略： 　　The people with whom I was travelling（正式的） 　　the people I was